Mills Utilitarianism Analysis Essay Example for Free

Mills Utilitarianism Analysis EssayThesis Objectors of Utilitarianism states that there is no time for calculating and weighing the cause on utilizing the popular happiness. On the contrary, Mill says that mankind has been learning by experience the tendency of actions in order to know what is reclaim and wrong. The rules of morality is corrigible, therefore we should pass exclusively that experience on others.However, improving the rules of morality is one thing, but to educate it to the younger is another since there is still much to learn about the effects of actions on general happiness, and all rational people go through life with their minds made up on the common questions of right and wrong. Reasons 1. Philosopher and the human They capture to acquire experience about the effects of some actions on their happiness and improving it or at least maintain it. . Traveler Mill uses the traveler going for his destination as for if a man needs to follow the rules of general happiness, we should open the way and direct him to the knowledge, and not to forbid it. 3. Sailors They go to sea with it calculated on the Nautical Almanac. Therefore, as for the people, they go on the sea of life with a made up mind on the common questions of right and wrong, and more complicated questions of wise and foolish.Discussion Mills defend against the objectors of Utilitarianism is that the rules of general happiness are made up by the experience of the people. Also, it is improvable by teaching it to the younger and other people. But, he also argues that human are rational creature. Human are capable of answering the questions of right and incorrectness by their own experience, and they also capable of learning and experiencing more on their way of life.

Emily Dickinson Essay Example for Free

Emily Dickinson EssayReligion and spirituality can affect different spates behaviorstyles in different ways. In the case of Emily Dickinson, her religion affected her writing. Emily Dickinson seemed to have written her poems based by ghostly influence the poems whatever forbear the Sabbath going to Church and Because I could non stop for remainder atomic number 18 two examples of how religion influenced her poetry. Emily Dickinson did non at all have a chassis of a rough upbringing or childhood, as it was in fact, very pleasant for the most part. She was born on December 10th 1830 in Amherst, Massachusetts. The towns masses she had grown up in, coincidentally, was noted as a center of education, based on the Amherst College. Her family was very well-known in the community, so her childhood home was often used as a meeting place for visitors. In school, Emily was known for creation a very intelligent student, and could create original rhyming stories to confine her other classmates. She loved to read, and was exceedingly conscientious about her work (Tejvan par. 2-4). However, Emily Dickinsons father was extremely strict. He was determined to bring up his children in an extremely proper way, causing his daughter to both hate and love him at the same time. He would censor the types of books allowed in the house any books that were found to be too inappropriate would have to be smuggled in the house without his knowing. Emily described it as his heart was pure and terrible (Tejvan par. 4). Because of these actions, Emily was extremely respectful to both her father and other older male figures. However, she still loved her father in every way she could, and wished to be the best daughter she could ever mayhap be (Tejvan par. 2-4). After her childhood, Emily Dickinson lived isolated from the world for the remainder of her life. Despite her remote lifestyle, Dickinson still actively read and still communicated with stack with whom she felt the ne ed to take note in contact. Her brother moved in next door to her after attending law school and marrying his wife. Her younger sister followed Emilys example and excessively lived in almost complete isolation at her home. Her siblings and brothers spouse acted as both family and companions during Dickinsons lifetime (Emily Dickinson Poets.org par. 2).At the time of Dickinsons life, there was a revival of evangelical Christianity (Tejvan par. 2). Because of this, she would rarely refuse to tell slew she was Christian, making her religious views hard to explain. However, Emily Dickinson defined herself as a pagan, and her religious views had a very strong influence on her poetry. As a Calvinist, Dickinson was brought up to believe that men were undoubtedly sinful and that most of humanity was doom to hell. A small portion of humans would be saved, however, and throughout her life, there was an increasing pressure for Emily Dickinson to announce herself as the saved. Regardless, she never deemed herself saved, causing her to be seen as an outcast from the rest of her peers (Tejvan par. 2-5). At a first look at her poems, it would seem that she was an atheist, or skilful has a lack of spiritual inclination (Sumangali par. 2). Dickinson did not pay much attention, or was not able to grasp religious doctrine such as original sin. Emily Dickinson did attend church regularly, and the sermons she attended influenced her poetry. trance she did not have identical beliefs to those surrounding her, Dickinson had a faith in her own spirituality, making her seem to have more knowledge of matinee idol than the people around her. She did not claim to fully understand God, or to have faith in all of His ways. Nonetheless, she did not fear God, or fear world sent to Hell (Sumangali par. 1-10). Therefore, she was not as religious-obsessed as the people around her. This could also explain why she lived in isolation, because as everyone else was caught up in attempt to be saved, she was living out her life the way she wanted. Dickinsons religious and spiritual outlooks are reflected in her poetry.The poem Because I could not stop for Death is one of Dickinsons many poems influenced by her religion. In this poem, Dickinson is trying to depict herself from beyond the grave, as if she has already died. She describes how she was too caught up in her own life to be stopped by death hence the title of this work. It also explains that she, unlike the people around her who are so focused on being saved by God when they die, was so busy with everything else to care. The first stanza in the poem, Because I could not stop for Death / He kindly stopped for me / The swindle held but just Ourselves / And Immortality (Because I could not stop for Death 1-4), describes death practically picking up the author in a carriage with just themselves and immortality. Then in the second stanza, Deaths civility is Dickinson explaining that Death is teaching her to give up all of the things that had made her busy, so she could enjoy the tease apart to the end of her life. The third stanza is Emily Dickinson explaining all of the things in the world that she is leaving behind, some that she was toopreoccupied to notice before. The transitions she uses between the stanzas, are of her leaving the old world and entering a different, gloomier one We passed the Setting Sun / Or rather He passed us (Because I could not stop for Death 12-13). In this stanza, she finally realizes that she is dead and her last(prenominal) life is gone. Her death becomes a bit physical too, with her describing her gown and the chill outside, and the same in the next stanza. The final stanza describes what Dickinson meant by Immortality in the beginning of the poem. She describes how, steady though it had been centuries since she died, to her it only feels like a day (Cullina, Chainani, et al par.7-14). In this poem, Dickinson gives death a personality, and the personality s he gives death reflects the personality she gives to God. She portrays death as a journey after a busy life, which lasts an eternity but does not feel very long at all. Another one of Emily Dickinson poems, Some sustainment the Sabbath going to Church, more literally relates to her view and practices of religion by describing faith.The first stanza in Dickinsons poem talks about how different people keep their religious views alive. She says that Some keep the Sabbath going to Church / I keep it, staying at Home (Some keep the Sabbath going to Church 1-2). She describes that in going to the Sabbath, they are giving their faith to the Lord. She then goes on to say, that by staying home and worshipping God at home is keeping her faith and relationship with God in a more real and alive way. In the following stanza, she describes how some people wear their robes to prove their righteousness to God and the faith, while Dickinson does not need to prove her faith to others, she proved to herself enough how much God means to her, and does not need to try and prove her love of God to everyone else. This stanza helps explain that a person who has to convince others that they are true to God means that their inner self does not agree that they are as faithful as they really should be. Someone who is truly faithful to God would not have to brag or hand over it off to the rest of the world, but they would know privileged of themselves that however they act they will be sent up to heaven. The final stanza explains that God is always preaching, but the sermon is not the type heard at Church. He preaches every day and going to mass will not affect how He preaches. No matter if a person is faithful in others eyes or not, she explains that there is not any doubt of His undying love for His truly good, and faithful people. Emily Dickinson uses her poem to say that it is not necessary show off a persons faith to others, to be rewarded with heaven. She says that true believers do not have to show off to the world the fact that they are going to heaven by wearing robes, attending mass, and declaring themselves saved. The true believers know that they are going all along, whether they prove it to everyone else or not (Exposing the imposition of Religion in Emily Dickinsons Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church par. 1-6). As religion has a strong influence on many peoples lifestyles, Emily Dickinsons religion and her true spirituality had a strong influence on her poetry. Two of her poems, Some Keep the Sabbath going to Church and Because I could not stop for Death are both examples of how religion influenced her poetry.Works CitedCullina, Alice, Soman Chainani, and et al. Emily Dickinsons Collected Poems Study Guide Summary and Analysis of Because I could not stop for Death GradeSaver. N.p., 26 Jul 2009. Web. 30 Apr 2012. Dickinson, Emily. Some Keep The Sabbath Going to Church. Johnson, Thomas H. The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. New York Back Bay Bo oks, 30 Jan 1976. Print. Dickinson, Emily. Because I could not stop for Death. Johnson, Thomas H. The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. New York Back Bay Books, 30 Jan 1976. Print. Emily Dickinson Poets.org. Poets.org. Academy of American Poets, n.d. Web. 10 Apr 2012. Exposing the Hypocrisy of Religion in Emily Dickinsons Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church. 123HelpMe.com. 30 Apr 2012 Pettinger, Tejvan R. Emily Dickinson Biography. BiographyOnline. N.p., 26 June 2006. Web. 10 Apr 2012. The Spirituality of Emily Dickinson. Sumangali. N.p., 10 May 2008. Web. 10 Apr 2012.

Feudal Systems Essay Example for Free

Feudal Systems EssayThe Japanese and European feudal systems were very much alike yet different in their own courses. Japans feudal system was composed of peasants, samurais, daimyos, shoguns and emperor moths. Then at that place was the European feudal system. It was composed of serfs, knights, church officials, nobles, kings and queens. In Japan, there was an emperor. The emperor did not do much, he was more like a figure head and he did not make any laws. He was just there to represent the country. The shogun was the person who not only make and pass laws, but controlled finances and the daimyos. The daimyos were lords that controlled samurai, which were warrior protectors for wealthy land owners. Samurai followed a code of behavior called the Bushido, or the way of the warrior. The Bushido stated that samurai were to be brave, loyal and honorable. The wouldnt complain when they received physical hardship, they did not fear death.If a samurai was defeated or disobeyed their masters, they were to form a watching suicide called Seppuku. It was a way to dishonor with defeat. Last but not least, there were the peasants. They were mostly farmers and traders. Unlike Japans feudal system, in the European feudal system, the king and queen controlled nobles, the church and peasants. Nobles or lords owned land and they would grant part of their land to peasants. The grant was called a fief.These peasants would use about both thirds of the land for farming and they would give some of the crops to the lord. Nobles and lords also controlled the knights. Knights were just like samurai in Japan, also they follow something similar to the Bushido. It is called the chivalry and is a system of rules that told of how knights should expect towards others. Both feudal systems were from different countries but they were very much alike.

Healthcare Policy in the US

wellnesscargon Policy in the USA wellness occupy form _or_ system of government is a banding of rules and regulations that are border into effect to assist in the operation and the shape of wellness delivery. A health consider policy covers a range of issue including public health, chronic malady and disability, long-term caveat, the financing of health care, preventive health care and mental health. There are two models of a health care which consist of the single constituteer and the social insurance system. In the single payer model, taxes are paid to the government which then pays healthcare providers much(prenominal) as nurses, doctors, and dentists to provide health serve to individuals. In a social insurance system, citizens must purchase health insurance from non-profit insurance companies who altogetherowing then use this health insurance to pay for operate provided by healthcare providers. Healthcare is financed through private insurance companies which ind ividuals send away access through their employers and for the many Americans that are uninsured, there are trey programs in which they can go through called Medicare, Medicaid, and The State Childrens Health Insurance Program. Medicare mainly deals with Americans who are over the age of 65 or disabled. Medicaid deals with people who are of embarrassed income or maybe classified as being poor. The State Childrens Health Insurance Program deals with people who are uninsured or low income children. There are so many aspects that can make up healthcare policy and there will be many more that will shoot an uphold on healthcare in the future.Principles of US Health PolicyThere are many principal features of the United States health policy, precisely to name a few critical ones are government as subsidiary to the private sector fragmented, incremental, and piecemeal crystalize pluralistic politics the decentralised role of the states and the impact of presidential drawing cardship. These key characteristics of health policy work together or separately to pressure the progress and growth of health policy to benefit the country.The United Sates is one of the few countries in the world that does have a national health care system where their government pays the volume and is the leader in the health care organization. That is not the case in the US. The private sector is the leader and the government takes a back seat in the majority of the development of health policies. It is funny that Americans prefer to have as less involvement from the government as possible in relation to health care financing, delivery, and policy. Being a capital nation we are under the notion that the private sector can best organize and operate the production and drug addiction of goods and services in our country rather than the government.The US health care system is fragmented so much that it is almost impossible to track. Employers provide a voluntary insurance program to their employees that are paid for through payments from employees and employers together. Then you have the elderly you are covered through Social Security tax, government subsidized voluntary insurance for physician, supplementary, and prescription drug coverage. The indigent obtain health care through Medicaid which is funded through federal, state, and local revenues. American Indians, Congress, members of the armed forces, Veterans, and the decision maker branch have health insurance that is financed through the federal government directly. Any type of reform in America is incremental and piecemeal specially health care. For example Medicaid has had many much needed changes since its beginning in 1965. First, Congress changed the policy to have more children become eligible and in 1984 pregnant women and children in two parent families were granted health care if income restrictions were met. Policy changes are met with an array of complex political roadblocks that make much needed reform difficult to accomplish. Often it takes a revolutionary presidential election to overcome such barriers.As in any different policy debates in the US politics sideline groups pluralism have an effect on the health policy. Powerful interest groups involved in health care politics adamantly compel any major change (Alford 1975). Each group deeply believes that their interests are the best and will fight very hard to protect their interest. For instance, American tie beam of Retired Persons (AARP) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan membership organization for American citizens over the age of 50. They are one of the most powerful lobbying groups in the United States with over 40 million members. Because they are such a well organized interest group they are very effective in influencing the decisions on policies that affect the seniors in this country.A decentralized role of the states has its pros and cons. The states provide financial support for the indigent and disabled through comprehensive health care programs. They also take on the additional responsibility of implementing the governments Medicaid and SCHIP programs for the elderly and children. On the flip side critics have suggested there is too much state control in regards to health policy changes. With separately state having control over their own health policy decisions makes it extremely difficult to create a unified national health care policy.New presidents have always been the stepping stone for policy changes in America. Every president from Johnson to Bush has made an attempt to reform health care in some shape or form. The most recent major historical change has come with the election of President Obama. He has done what no other President has done, Health cover Reform. He is putting the control of peoples health care needs in their own hands. President Obamas presidential leadership impact will reform health care by do it more affordable, making insurance companies accountable for the ir actions, and provide coverage to all Americans.Development of legislative health policyHealth policy is a set course of action undertaken by governments or health care organizations to obtain a want health gist (Cherry Trotter Betts, 2005). The health care system, including the public and private segment, with the political forces influence how systems are shaped by the health care political processes. everyday health policies start from local, state, or federal legislation, regulations which manage the terms of health care services. There are also institutional or stemma policies related to health care in addition to public policies. In the private sector the policies are developed by hospitals, accrediting organizations, or managed care organizations. Nurses, the largest round of health care providers are the most familiar with institutional policies including those developed and utilize by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations.The decision m aking in the public or the private sector, the scope of the issue, and the nature of the policy all have an impact on the characteristics of a policy (Thurber,1996). A sanctioned understanding of the policy process is the first step in having a strategy on how to encourage potential power and control important changes in the health care system. It is a process that uses multiple points of access in order to provide a vision that influences the decision makers involved at each stage. There are three stages of policy making the formulation stage, the implementation and the evaluation stage. In the formulation stage, input of info, ideas, organizations, research from key people and interest groups are put together. The implementation stage involves disseminating the collected information and starting to put the policy into action. During this stage, the proposed policy is transformed into a plan of action (International Council of Nurses, 2005). Public policy endorsed by local, state , or federal governmental identities is usually put into practice through the normal process that interprets the policy into a written set of rules issued by the government agency that is responsible for overseeing the policy.All concerned groups contribute in the development of health care policy by providing necessary information needed to decide on the implementation. Nurses are a very important part in the preparation and implementation of the policy. As the largest one group of health care providers, nurses can successfully sponsor health care policy project they also have a distinctive point of view on health care policies and expertise to share with the responsible agents. Nurses are a strong voice and active advocated group that leads to positive change and build consensus on important issues.The policy process also includes an evaluation and modification phase when existing policies are revisited and may be amended or rewritten to adjust to ever-changing circumstances (Long est, 2006). Most major public policies are subject to modifications in this process. Smaller changes in already existing policies are usually easier to be implemented than major changes as less clarification and efforts are required to be implemented. A good example would be when the Medicare Program has undergone since its enactment in 1965. other change is when the U.S. Congress in 1998 added nurse practitioners and clinical nurse specialists as providers that can bill for Part B services they provide to Medicare beneficiaries. Congress has changed Medicare program many times after that and put a number of preventive services to the Medicare program. The most recent change was done to Medicare Part D and added a prescription drug program easy for Medicare beneficiaries.Health care issue moves through the phases of the policy process, from a proposal to an actual program that can be enacted, implemented, and evaluated, the policy process is impacted by the preferences and influen ces of elected officials, other individuals, organizations, and special interest groups (Longest, 2006). Political interactions take place when people get involved in the process of making decisions, making compromises, and taking actions that determine who gets what in the health care system. Special interest groups and individuals with a stake in the fate of a health care policy use all kinds of influencing, communication, negotiation, conflict management, critical thinking, and problem solving skills in the political arena to obtain their desired outcome (Cherry Trotter Betts, 2005 Kalisch Kalisch, 1982).Health care system is continuously changing, nurses in many institutions are taking the advocacy role, working together to reflect nursings perception in health care policies and to be implemented. However, the legislative process needs to be well understood and policy advocates should be aware that they may run the risk of infection of working with the wrong people or at the wrong time and therefore the policy may not be established. Well prepared professionals can always find ways to promote for a better health care system. For the more experienced professional there are many resources available to nurse policy advocates who want to learn more about how to make a difference in key health care issues using legislative and policy processes and working within the political arena.The Future of Health PolicyThe future of health policy is unknown and difficult to predict. The US has struggled with conquering the health care system as one comprehensive unit. Instead, there have been individual attempts at specific problems, resulting in fragmented solutions. The anti-socialist views of the US citizens have consequently far prevented a nationalized health care system, but this has not and will not stop many influential leaders from trying. Regardless of health care being a universal or disjointed system, the future of health policy aims at containing costs, i ncreasing access, and improving quality.On March 2010, President Obama sign-language(a) a health care reform bill. A preliminary estimate claims that the bill will reduce the deficit by $130 billion in the first ten years and by $1.2 trillion in the next ten years (Jackson Nolen, 2010). State-based insurance exchanges will be implemented as a way to purchase insurance for those who do not have access through their employer. The Medicare prescription coverage donut hole will be shut by 2020 and seniors will receive a 50% discount on brand name medications. Medicaid will be expanded, will include childless adults, and mislabeled immigrants will not be eligible. Insurance companies will no longer be able to deny coverage based on preexisting conditions and children will be able to stay on their parents insurance plans until age 26. Beginning in 2014, there will be an individual mandate that everyone must have health insurance or have to pay a fine, with exceptions for low-income peo ple. Employers with greater than 50 employees will be required to offer health insurance. There is no telling what the ultimate success will be of this bill, as it is a continued hot debate between political parties, but it puts some commentary on the future of health policy.The role of state governments in health care has become more substantial. They hold the majority of the responsibility for regulating all aspects of the health care system. In addition, states contribute to financing Medicaid services, finance health coverage for state/public employees and retirees, and subsidize the costs of health care services for the uninsured. States also have the role of protecting the publics health through controlling the spread of communicable diseases, protecting the environment, preventing injuries, promoting healthy behaviors, responding to disasters, providing health services to those without access, monitoring the populations health status, and developing health care policies to b enefit the community. The future of health policy shows that states will continue to perform these roles.ConclusionIn closing, we feel that an issue such as healthcare must be thought through and have a decision made based on the need of the American peoples as well as the needs of the American economy. By this we mean that a decision should be developed based on a way to custody this great country from going bankrupt or prevent the American people from going broke when a plan goes into effect. In todays world, the U.S health Care System of today is turning into a disaster because many people are getting to the point to where they are not able to afford healthcare services due to the fact that they are not able to afford it or have lost their jobs are may have partial health care benefits. We feel that all Americans must try to stand up for what they believe and fight for a healthcare policy that will enable everyone to be able to have healthcare coverage so that our government wil l see that there is a need for a change in the future.Resources1. Shi, L. Singh, D.A. (2008.) Delivering Health Care in America A Systems Approach (4th ed.). Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett Publishers2. Jackson, J. Nolen, J. (March 23, 2010). Health Care Reform Bill Summary A Look At Whats in the Bill. cbsnews.com. Retrieved, April 20, 2010, from http//www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20000846-503544.html.3. Alford, R. R. 1975. Health Care Politics Ideology and interest group barriers to reform. Chicago University of Chicago Press.4. S M Williams-Crowe and T V Aultman, State health agencies and the legislative policy process. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1403499/?page=15. Pamela White, Tobie H. Olsan, Carolanne Bianchi, Theresa Glessner, Pamela Mapstone, Legislative Searching for Health Policy Information on the Internet An Essential Advocacy Skill. Retrieved from http//www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN

The Importance of Shareholder Wealth Maximization in Business

The Importance of Shareholder Wealth Maximization in BusinessIn modern finance, it is prove that shareowner riches maximization is the superscript goal of a firm and shareholders are the residual claimants therefore maximize shareholder returns usu each(prenominal)y implies that firms must in any case satisfy stakeholders much(prenominal) as customers, employees, suppliers, local communities and the environment first (Courses Work, Corporate Finance Module, Leeds Metropolitan University). Also, Michael C.Jensen argued that a firms set green goddess non be maximized if the management board or shareholders ignores the interest of its stakeholders (Michael C.Jensen, 2001). Thus, I agree with the argument that the main goal of a firm is to maximize shareholder wealth but it does not mean that management should disregard stakeholders.To begin with, it is necessary to understand what is shareholder wealth and why maximize shareholder wealth is superordinate objective? Accordi ng to Glen Arnold (Corporate fiscal Management, 4th, P. 13), maximizing shareholder wealth is defined as maximizing purchasing power as well as the mix of dividends to shareholders through time and it is a long-term perspective.In addition, a very great point to explain why shareholder wealth maximization is superior objective is that shareholders are the real owners of the firm, of course, they desire the companys operation volition create their returns as more than as possible therefore, management board should make enthr one and only(a)ment and financing decisions with the target of maximizing long-term sharholder wealth. This assumption is made mainly on practical grounds, but there are respectalble theoretical honourableifications too (Corporate Financial Management, 4th, P. 7).Thus, with practical reason, shareholder wealth maximization is a precise and clear decision as well as a suitable and operationally workable goal. Also, shareholder wealth is represented by the ma rt price of a firms common tune (Contemporary Financial Management, R. Charles Moyer, Jame R. McGuigan, William J.Kretlow, P.5) and stock prices illustrate clearly about the magnitude, time and risk connected with profits that stockholders hope to get in future, so management should drive the stock price as high as possible. Furthermore, the greater the risk associated with receiving a future benefit, the lower the value investors place on that benefit (Contemporary Financial Management, R. Charles Moyer, Jame R. McGuigan, William J.Kretlow, P.5). Thus, maximizing the present value of expected future returns to the owners is also the true target for the firm in term of reaching shareholder wealth maximization and the returns will be represented in forms such as takings of common stock sales as well as healthy periodic dividends.Besides that, it is also important to realize that the goal of maximizing shareholder wealth has some advantages. Fistly, it explicitly considers the time value of money and risk factors of the benefits expected to receive to the owners. In other words, the elements of timing and risk must be considered by managers as they make an important financial decision, for example capital expenditures. Secondly, if a firm has a decision that can make the market price inceasing, it is a good decision. On in other hand, if it does not achieve the effective result, this should not be taken (at least not voluntarily). Finally, maximizing shareholder wealth is an impersonal aim. If stockholders oppose the companys policies, they can sell their shares freely and invest their fund in others, however, it is noticeable that the shares should be under more well-situated terms than are available under any other stratergy. Also, investors will be possible to sell their shares with the best price if they develop consumption copy as well as risk preference which is not accommodated by the investment, financing and dividend decisions of that firm. They al so can purchase shares in firms that closely examine the investors needs.For all above reasons, the shareholder wealth maximization is the superior objective in financial management. However, in term of theoretical reasons, many studies and financial books have proven that shareholder wealth rests on companies which are willing to build long-term relationships with stakeholders. So, focusing on the interests of stakeholders is the most important objective of the company to maximize shareholder wealth. Also, Michael C.Jensen stated that A firm cannot maximize value if it ignores the interests of its stakeholders (European Financial Management, Vol. 7, No.3, 2001, P. 298)Firstly, customers can be seen as the top of hierarchy of stakeholders. They are one of the most important factor and greatest challenge to primacy of shareholder interests. It is undebatable that no company can create great wealth for its shareholders without a stable and growing revenue base, which can be only reac hed by having very satisfied and loyal customers (Marakon Associates, 1993). So, a company wants to have an increasingly growing number of customers who are willing to invent money to have its products and services, it forces to meet the their satisfaction of product quality, reasonable prices, and good services. In other words, the product or service must be meet or exceeds expectations and is acquired at a price no higher than its perceived value.Also, the grown in sales by creating value for customers will maximize the firms stock price in the form of efficient and courteous service, adequate stocks of merchandise (Financial Management 12th, 2008, Eugene F.Brigham and Michael C.Ehrhardt, P.10). Therefore, the more volume of products distributed, the more shareholder value increased because of a vast profits after selling products and services.Secondly, employees also are of vital important in stakeholder objectives of the shareholders. They are the primary workforce and the pote ntial source of satisfying competitive advantage which can create the superior value directly. According to Marakon Associates, 1993, pursuing the objective of maximizing value for shareholders also maximizes the economic interests of all employees over time, even when maganement is forced to downsize the company. Thus, they will be faithful and devote all their skills and talent if companys management board appreciates their crucial role as well as give the best policies for employees including compensateing fair wages, maintaining fair hiring practices and safe working conditions, supporting education. In other word, the keys to company success is that it must be the want for staffs to devote the cream of them (Financial Management 12th, 2008, Eugene F.Brigham and Michael C.Ehrhardt, P.10).Conversely, if the company does not give its mind to improving the employees lives and spirits, they will not try their best to produce quality products, resulting in failure in satisfying c ustomers. Consequently, the amount of cash flow is poor, therefore, poor stockholder returns is undisputable.Furthermore, one factor which will generate unforeseeably great value of a firm is the interests of society as a whole. When businesses take a long-term view, the interests of the owners and society often coincide. (Timothy J. Gallagher and Josehp D. Andrew, Financial Management Pricnciple and Practice, fouth edition, publishied by Freeload Press, 2007, P.11). Thus, it is absolutely indisputable that social responsibility with local communities and the environment in which the company operating are become an important consideration for the boards of companies, especially large companies, such as the source of supplies, for expamle rubber, wood, paper from managed forests as well as protecting the consumers and following the local business legislation. Therefore, the more a firm contributes social interests, the more value of trademark it generates.Another important factor wh ich affect directly to the companys business activity is suppliers. Suppliers and supply chain management are both crucial to development and implementing strategies that generate the hightest long-term cash flow Marakon Associates, 1993. It is clearly acknowledged that suppliers will be stable and reliable partners if the managment board has a fair, reasonable treat to them. This is shown in implementing all provisions of contracts as well as pay the bills on time. Furthermore, if a firm depends mostly on imported materials, it is necessary for it to have a sustainable vendor in order to keep its operation stably.On in other hand, the positive relation between a company and suppliers wiil be cause great damage if it always attempts to get very cheap prices, even below market levels as well as detaining payments as much as possible. Consequently, the company will receive poor quality materials in term of cheap prices and suppliers will stop supplying if they see companys fraudulent actions such as postpone payments in many times or the firms financial resource is limitedTo illustrate for the important role of stakeholders, the case of Vedan Vietnam (the company of Vedan Group, Taiwan) is one typical example for these arguements. During the operating period from 1991 to 2008 in Vietnam, Vedan has illegal discharged of 43,000m3 untreated waste water into Thi Vai river per month on avarage. The pollution has been spread to the field of force along 12 kilometres of the Thi Vai River, as well as 2,082 hectares of agricultural land in the three provinces of Dong Nai, Ba Ria Vung Tau and Ho Chi Minh City. In addition, respiratory diseases and interstinal sickness were also increasingly common among local people.This in mankind action resulted huge losses to the farmers who living depend on fishing, breeding aquatic creatures and structure dams. And as stated in the news Vedan Pollution Kills River Creatures Can Gio Farmers to Sue (http//www.saigon-gpdaily.com.vn, October 23th, 2008) the company had to pay a compensation of VND1.8 billion (US$ 92,300 at todays exchange rate) to the farmers by the end of 2008. But the pollution continued, killing more of the farmers shrimps and fish and leading them to the brink of bankruptcy. Farmers in Thuan An have piled up bank debts of hundreds of millions of dong.It cannot be denied that the companys activities destroyed the human ecology in which it operating and seriously effective for living of the locals. Consequencly, during the two first quarters of this year, Vedan has been facing a boycott the companys products of customers and supermarket system such as Big C, Coop Mart. As a result, according to the news on thanhniennews.com (Boycott fear forces river polluter payout, 8/13/2010) the Vedan Vietnam General Director Yang Kun Hsiang asserted that they would pay 50 percent of the compensation for HCMC and Ba Ria-Vung Tau within a week after signing an agreement with the local authorities, and the o ther 50 percent will be paid in early next year with the total of VND30 billion to Dong Nai VND10 billion to Ba Ria-Vung Tau and HCMC was VND16 billion.Considedring all arguments put forward, I have finally arrived at the conclusion that the goal of maximizing shareholder wealth is the superior objective in financial maganement of a firm. Still, I strong show that the firm will create shareholder wealth as much as posibble if it realizes the importance of the interests of all their constituent group or stakeholders and satifies them, not just considers to the interets of stockholders.

Inequality Gender Stereotyping In Hong Kong

Inequality Gender Stereotyping In Hong KongAccording to the Womens commitment (Woc) Survey on confederation Perception of Gender Issues (2009), it finds that sexual activity stereotyping is still prevalent in Hong Kong and sexuality inequality still persists in society. Moreover, the Chairperson Ms Sophia Kao as well said The wad findings reflect that the concept that women are to take care of the family while men are to work discoverside is still deep rooted in society, starring(p) the majority of the respondents to believe that womens contri scarcelyion was confined to the family setting and beneathstate their contri moreoverions to society in other areas. This affects womens development opportunities in different aspects such as duty and community participation. And under the long-term influence of traditional values, women themselves might to a fault endorse some of these grammatical gender stereotypes. Besides, the survey also found that the public loosely consider th at women should focus more on family than their careers, while taking care of the family is the most important among the contributions of women. More women than men consider that women play a more important role in the family than men do. And educating and taking care of children was perceived by most women as the most significant aspect that undermines the development of their electric potential to the full.Above this survey, the conscious of gender perception about the different aspect had seemed to subjoin than the before. But I find it very interest point that womanly seems trend to accept and identify the role which contribute the family work and child care work. These stereotyping limit the development of the effeminate. So the survey reflects interviewed feminine recognize housework limit their development. I feel that the reason why the female accept these stereotyping is due to the long term societalization and culture construction. These guide and control the femal e how to do the regenerate expectation in society under invisible.Chinese traditional culture and value how to construct inequality of femaleBefore phoebe bird thousands year age in China, the period of patriarchy had begun to budded, the status of females were decrease. Moreover, since slavery society prevailed, the females buy the farm no autonomy and status. They lost their freedom and controlled by male. They become slave for man property. They also accepted the system of polygyny. When feudal system was formed, more regulation oppressed to the female and advantages to male. Then, Confucian though become social mainstream for discipline hatful how to do the right things especially control female behavior. Such as female, some preaching is starve to dead is small things but virginity is very important( , ), it emphasize pure virginity is very important. If female can keep pure their virginity, they will be respected and appreciate. Besides, cripple feet () was constructed a beautiful beat and mensuration, it control female to go a step further. These regulation and discourse construct inequality but female are willing to follow because of moralistic standard. Chinese female tasted no end of bitterness in their short, mostly poverty ridden lives.In fact Chinese family life was marked by a shocking degree of brutality. The Confucian emphasis on filial piety and loyalty was a euphemistic prescription for absolute subordination of young to sometime(a) and, more important for our purposes, female to male. Indeed, the structure of the Chinese family looks very different depending on which genders perspective you choose to view it from. The dominant male perspective conjures and regular lineage with tycoon, property, and esteem passing in orderly and gradual fashion from generation to generation. From the female perspective, family life appears dramatically opposite. During her lifetime a Chinese female lived in two distinctly different families respec tively her natal and marital homes. Instead of an unbroken lineage, the woman was never in her lifetime fully a member of all family. Her name was non even recorded in her fathers genealogy, and when she died merely her family name surname was entered in the genealogy charts of her husbands family. In this system and discourse characterized by filial piety, womans life was described by the three obedience() respectively to her father during childhood, to her husband during marriage and to her son during widowhood. Above these traditional cultures, systems discourse, they construct passel how to do the right things related the gender role. These constructions have oppression of the female.Some post-modernism scholars theory explain why people accept discourse and moral standard under invisibleAccording to West and Zimmerman (1987), most people find it hard to believe that gender is aeonianly created and re-created out of human interaction, out of social life, and are the texture and order of that social life. Yet gender, like culture, is a human production that depends on everyone constantly doing gender.Based on these assumption, we also find more discourses are recognizing man has power of domination, female should believe in her role as the subordinated being in the process of socialization. Then, Horrocks (1997) states ideological and can non be neutral as it claims. In other words, there is no objective lens truth since science is still constructed within political parameter. However, we still have not discussed why these discourses work so effectively that most of us do not attempt to challenge them. That would be answered by Michel Foucaults explanation about the rule of power. According to Madan Sarup (1993) quotes from Foucault that power produces reality, it produces domains of objects and rituals of truth, so it is not possible for power to be examined without knowledge, it is impossible for knowledge not to produce power because the exercise of power constructs the in the raw object of knowledge too.Moreover, according to Foucault (1995), power is not as centralized, authoritarian and organized as the sovereign one. However, it regulates the most intimate and minute element with multiple processes from different locations. It formulates the production of docile bodies through discipline which made possible the meticulous control of the operation of body including its movement, gesture and attitude. It also assumes the constant arenaion of the force of the body and imposed upon them a relation of docility-utility. In addition, it produces subject and practiced bodies, docile bodies that may operate as one wishes with the techniques, the zipper and the efficiency that one determined.The above disciplinary practice of power is epitomized in Foucaults description of an architectural device called the Panopticon by Jeremy Bentham. According Foucault In Discipline and revenge (Foucault, 1977), he makes the following exp lanation about Panopticon. Each Individual, in his place, is securely confined to a cell from which he is seen from the front by the supervisor but the side walls prevent him from coming into contact will his companion. He is seen, but he does not see he is the object of information, never a subject in communication. Thus, as Foucault (Foucault, 1977) remarks in detail, the whole design has the effect to induce innate state of consciousness and prevent visibility that assures the automatic functioning of power. The power is visible but unverifiable because the inmate will constantly have before his eyes the tall outline of the central tower from which he is spied upon. However, he/she never knows whether he/she is being looked at in any particular moment. From this one side effect, he/she must assume that he is always under surveillance. Thus, surveillance is everywhere wherever inside or outside the panopticon thereby homogenous effect is producing for innate to discipline them.Bes ides, a poststructuralist Judith pantryman (Butler, 1990) applies Foucaults emphasis into the national of gender representations. She illustrates from Foucault that the juridical system produces the subject that are represented and constituted through discourses. As we have remarked that discourses are naturalized as a feeling through the practice of power which cannot be challenged, it will be concretization as a foundational promise to exclude those who fail to conform within the normative requirements.Then, Butler (Butler, 1990) also argues that gender is a cultural means by which the biologically determined sex is produced and established as pre-discursive, prior to culture, a politically neutral surface on which the culturally constructed gender acts. Butler (Butler, 1990) also says in the later part of her book Gender Trouble that the notion of identity and coherence is not a logical and analytical feature, but rather it is socially instituted norm of intelligibility. Thu s, we believe that our identity is a core that sustains through temporal change. gloss of being and substance cultivated by that the grammatical formulation of subject and predicate reflects the prior ontological reality of substance and attribute. The metaphor of substance leads people to believe that one can be a sex or gender.Furthermore, Butler (Butler, 1990) explains that there is no gender identity that underlies the expressions of gender. The apparent identity is performativity constituted by the very expression that is said to be its result. Thus, Butler (Butler, 1990) said, there is no being behind doing, effecting, becoming the doer is merely a manufacturing added to the deed the deed is everything.Hence, the idea of gender is relational and contextual since it is a repeated stylization of the body, a set of repeated acts within a passing rigid regulatory frame that congeal over time to produce the appearance of substance, of a natural sort of being that the acts, gest ures, enactments in gender operation are performativity in the sense that the essence or identity that they otherwise purport to express be fabrications manufactures and sustained. So, it becomes what one puts on his or her body, how one behaves and presents in front of people are only the gestures based upon the regulations under gender division in a particular cultural context with regardless to any ontological truth.From the Foucault theory, we know that the complex differential power relationships extend to every aspect of our social, cultural and political lives. In the analysis of gender identity of Butler, we also see that power also extends to the aspect about the construction of our gender identity. The whole process of power relationship involves the manner of subject-position, and securing our asset not only by the threat of punitive sanctions, but also persuading us to internalize the norms and values that prevail within the social, or in the theories of Butler, the pat riarchal order.How to increase gender sensitivity of social work practitioners in Hong KongFirstly, according to Foucault (1991), he said that Penopticon like as a metaphor for social control. Disciplines success is due to its simplicity, stratified observation, normalizing of judgments, and their combination such as prison, penitentiary, rehabilitation center, hospital, social worker, school, etc. It was combining punitive system with normalizing practices. It forces people fulfill the social expectation and make the right things through punishment, surveillance and reinforcement under invisible. So, we need to understand us may be one of the surveillance institutions causing this phenomenon. So, we need to aware of gender sensitivity of social work practitioners. As a gender sensitivity of social work practitioners, the worker need to become aware of and take an objective look at the belief system, reflect the gender biases and judgmental convictions. Moreover, the worker realize s how the culture has influenced the belief system and recognizes that gender and sexual definition do not have to conform to societal norms. Besides, the worker facilitates self-actualizing behaviors for clients rather than socially prescribed conduct.In the counseling aspect, we need to be aware of the dangers inherent in conforming to social stereotypes and to recognize our own, possibly unhealthy, rigid, gender beliefs and behaviors. If gender biased by cultural definitions of male and female roles, counselors may facilitate social conformity, rather than single(a) growth and self-expression, with their clients. Moreover, Gender stereotyped intervention negatively impact clients. As a result, the counseling process may turn into oppression imposed on the actual client. Most unfortunately, those who deviate from the cultural norm tend to be denigrated and discriminated against. So the counselors may employ different clinical techniques and make disparate diagnoses and treatment plans based on assumptions about gender. The clients may disclose certain information based on the therapists gender. Counselors who also ascribe to rigid definitions of appropriate gender roles and sexual conduct may tend to help clients conform to culturally acceptable behaviors and practices rather than parcel them to define individually appropriate roles. Besides, the goal of gender-sensitive psychotherapy is helping clients to become aware of and confront limiting gender-role stereotypes and creating a more equalitarian and empathetic society by expanding choices for both sexes.In the advocacy, based on the Womens Commission (Woc) Survey on Community Perception of Gender Issues (2009), the stereotyping of gender is still serious. The social worker still educates public through community work for rede the role of gender and spread both equality of gender. Moreover, the social worker also organizes some groups for man and women. They are educated to become leadership and incre ase their gender awareness. As a result, they similar the seeds continuous spread to others even though to participate social affairs about the both equality of gender. I believe that through the different aspect to increase people genders awareness, the both equality of gender will achieved in future.ConclusionSeveral thousand Chinese culture and system is the deeply socialization construct the gender role. It makes the inequality of gender till today. Although many research reflects the equality of man and women had improved. But the gender awareness is not still enough. If we are thoroughgoing to change this inequality, we will make more and more effort in gender affairs.

The Effects of Government Spending and Borrowing Essay examples -- Gov

The Effects of Government Spending and Borrowing Government adoption can be inflationary because the government borrows from banks, which increments the cash supply. Banks assume that consumers will not take more than 10% of their savings out and on that basis are able to work to the government. This increases the money supply because the government has borrowed from the bank only when the consumers savings stay the same and and then there is more money in circulation. harmonise to monetarist beliefs an increase in the money supply will directly increase inflation. Inflation can lead to un affiancement, as people demand less due to higher prices and therefore demand for labor maybe decreased. Inflation also creates uncertainty for entrepreneurs, cost curves increase and revenue can decrease thus mash profits. Also when inflation is in the mind of the entrepreneur it can escalate easily as they will take inflationary actions like automatically incr ease prices and therefore it is imperative government spending/borrowing is controlled. Although government borrowing does increase the money supply, the monetarist view of a direct link between money supply and inflation is wrong, as proved when Britain experienced recession under Margaret Thatcher. In order to control the money supply the government cut borrowing and spending, which in theory would reduce the money supply, inflation and unemployment but interest rates had to rise to stop consumer borrowing, which in turn increased the exchange rate. high interest rates curbed consumer borrowing, which reduces demand for products, along with a high exchange rate ruining demand for exports... ...ector borrowing is not the enemy of unemployment. If the government borrows alike much then there will have to be increases in taxes, mainly corporation tax and this will also contribute to some unemployment, but the public sector does help employment in some ways. Education and training (funded by the government) provides a skilled, desirable workforce, which will encourage British firms to employ British workers instead of looking for other skilled workers in an increasingly globalized world. The National Health Service also reduces the amount of residual unemployed and therefore contributes to keeping employment levels high. Government borrowing should only occur if for investment purposes and if it will be repaid over the cycle, otherwise it destroys entrepreneur confidence and eventually leads to unemployment.